Surveying has evolved; today’s surveyors combine traditional methods with modern technology to deliver accurate, efficient, and reliable data. Key tools and techniques include:
3.1 GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) allow surveyors to collect accurate horizontal and vertical positioning data over large areas rapidly. GNSS surveying is especially valuable for long road alignments, remote areas, and when extending control networks.
GNSS reduces time spent compared to classic optical methods, increases consistency across long distances, and maintains high accuracy in both urban and rural settings.
3.2 Total Stations and Traditional Survey Instruments
Total stations remain essential. They combine electronic distance measurement (EDM) and angular measurements to determine position, elevation, and layout. They are used for setting out roads, checking grades, marking critical points for drainage structures, pavements, and shoulders, etc.
They remain indispensable for precise layout, especially in areas where GNSS signals may be weak or obstructed, such as near buildings, dense vegetation, or terrain with heavy canopy or forest cover.
3.3 Digital Terrain Modelling (DTM) & Topographic Mapping
Surveyors use software to process collected data (from GNSS, total stations, drones, and LiDAR) into digital terrain models. DTM helps engineers visualize terrain contours, slopes, drainage paths, and potential problem zones for alignment or drainage design.
This facilitates efficient design of alignment, drainage systems, embankment slopes, cut‑and‑fill calculations, and material estimates. It ensures the road “fits” the landscape rather than forcing the landscape to “fit” the road.
3.4 Geotechnical and Ground‑Condition Surveys
Where required, surveyors (and geotechnical engineers) perform soil testing, subgrade profiling, water‑table checks, subsoil sampling, and ground stability assessments to verify the soil/ground conditions under the proposed road. Good soil data avoids building on weak or unsuitable ground.
These investigations may lead to design modifications, e.g., soil stabilization, deeper sub-base, improved drainage, or alternate alignments, to prevent structural failure later.